以上

以上 is used to state that because a certain condition or fact is already true, a logical result, responsibility, or obligation naturally follows.

It emphasizes that the first clause is an undeniable or established fact, and therefore the second clause is reasonable, unavoidable, or expected.

Compared to から / ので, 以上 sounds more logical, objective, and firm, and is often used in formal speech, writing, rules, and reasoning.

Usage Notes

• ✔ Used when a fact is already decided or accepted

• ✔ Often expresses responsibility, obligation, or determination

• ✔ Common in formal / written contexts

• ❌ Not used for casual, emotional reasons

• ❌ Rare in everyday conversation