ずとも

〜ずとも is used to express that even if a certain action is not done, the result or situation will still occur.

It conveys the idea that the action is not necessary, not required, or can be omitted, and yet the outcome remains unchanged.

This grammar is:

• highly formal

• literary or classical in tone

• commonly used in written Japanese, rules, explanations, and official statements

In modern Japanese, ずとも often corresponds to:

• 〜なくても

• 〜なくとも

but sounds much more formal and stiff.

Easy way to understand

Think of it as:

“Even if you don’t do X, Y will still happen.”

Usage Notes

✔ Formal / written expression
✔ Indicates lack of necessity
✔ Often used for general truths, rules, or principles
✔ Common in academic, legal, or official writing

❌ Rare in casual conversation
❌ Sounds unnatural in emotional or personal speech